Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
(ACTA) explained
EU signs ACTA, global internet censorship treaty
 Rady Ananda
Activist Post
Today, the European Union and 22 member states signed the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced. They have now joined the US and seven other nations that signed the treaty last October.
This signing ceremony merely formalized the EU’s adoption of ACTA last month, during a completely unrelated meeting on agriculture and fisheries, reports TechDirt.
Though initiated by the US, Japan is the official depository of the treaty.
Removal of the Three Strikes clause, in which users accused of three counts of piracy would be barred from the internet, paved the way for the EU to adopt ACTA last month.
Related to ACTA, a chapter in the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) “would have state signatories adopt even more restrictive copyright measures than ACTA,” reports the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Both ACTA and TPP were developed without public input and outside international trade groups, like the World Trade Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Leaked cables published by WikiLeaks in 2009 exposed early drafts of ACTA, resulting in a firestorm of controversy. Those cables, coupled with later releases, showed that ACTA negotiations began in 2006
and were controversial even to participating states. An historical
summary of the treaty’s progress through December can be found here.
ACTA Violates Magna Carta and US Constitution
Like PIPA and SOPA, two domestic internet censorship bills that prompted major websites to blacken their name or website in a Jan. 18th protest,
ACTA allows accusers of copyright infringement to bypass judicial
review. Lack of “due process” makes these bills and ACTA
unconstitutional and violates the Magna Carta, a charter signed in 1215
on which most Western law is based, including the US Constitution. It
is often cited as the most important legal document in the history of
democracy.
(The USA PATRIOT Acts, Obama’s assassination program, and the National
Defense Authorization Act that allows indefinite detention are among
many recent laws passed in the US which directly breach the Magna
Carta.)
“The Constitution states only one command twice,” explains Peter Strauss of Cornell University Law School, further elaborating:
The Fifth Amendment says to the federal
government that no one shall be ‘deprived of life, liberty or property
without due process of law.’ The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in
1868, uses the same eleven words, called the Due Process Clause, to
describe a legal obligation of all states. These words have as their
central promise an assurance that all levels of American government
must operate within the law (‘legality’) and provide fair procedures.
Not only due process, but US adoption of ACTA also violates Article II,
Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which provides that the president
“shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to
make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur.”
The Senate never voted on ACTA.
During the Jan. 18 internet blackout, Darrell Issa (R-CA) introduced OPEN, (H.R. 3782, the Online Protection and Enforcement of Digital Trade Act). Heather Callaghan points out that even though OPEN targets foreign-based websites,
[T]he bill’s wording is wide open to
pursue American sites. Just one example: when describing an infringing
site, it starts with those ‘that are accessed through a non-domestic
domain name,’ but continues in section (8)(A)(ii) for any site that
‘conducts business directed to residents of the United States.’
As this slew of internet censorship bills and treaties make their
way into law, “the United States fell 27 places on the Reporters
Without Borders tenth annual Press Freedom Index of 2011 to 47th overall,” reports Activist Post.
Today’s signatories included the EU, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Last October, Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore and the United States signed ACTA.
Though involved in early ACTA negotiations, Switzerland and Mexico have
not yet ratified it. However, “Since the agreement remains open to
signature until May 2013, it is possible that other states may make a
move to join it as well,” said Maira Sutton of EFF.
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